{"id":3723,"date":"2023-04-14T12:05:18","date_gmt":"2023-04-14T12:05:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.polariton.ch\/polarisandbox\/?p=3723"},"modified":"2025-07-30T09:20:25","modified_gmt":"2025-07-30T09:20:25","slug":"plasmonic-building-blocks","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.polariton.ch\/polarisandbox\/?page_id=3723","title":{"rendered":"Plasmonic building blocks"},"content":{"rendered":"<h1>Plasmonic Building Blocks<\/h1>\n<div>\n<p data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"468\">Polariton Technologies leads the way in high-speed, energy-efficient plasmonic modulators and photonic integrated circuit (PIC) components. Our cutting-edge Plasmonic Design Kit (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.polariton.ch\/polarisandbox\/polariton-pdk\">Polariton PDK<\/a>) enables groundbreaking advancements in optical communication, offering unmatched bandwidth, ultra-low power consumption, and compact designs.<\/p>\n<p>Plasmonic Building Blocks are at the core of our PDK, providing the essential elements for high-speed, low-power optical signal processing. These components, including phase shifters, ring resonators, antennas, and couplers, leverage plasmonic technology to achieve compact designs with superior efficiency. By integrating Plasmonic Building Blocks, designers can create innovative photonic circuits with unprecedented performance in bandwidth and energy consumption.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h3>PDK: Plasmonic Phase Shifter<\/h3>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"\/polarisandbox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/pdk-plasmonic-phase-shifter.png\" alt=\"Plasmonic Building Blocks: PDK Plasmonic Phase Shifter\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" class=\"lazyload\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 360px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 360\/360;\"><\/p>\n<div>\n<h5>Phase shifter: provides high-speed phase modulation of light.<\/h5>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<ul>\n<li>3-dB EO bandwidth &gt;500 GHz<\/li>\n<li>Plasmonic slot length range 5 to 25 &micro;m<\/li>\n<li>Plasmonic slot width typ 100 nm<\/li>\n<li>Plasmonic losses ~0.36 dB\/&micro;m. For a length of 10 &micro;m, one achieves &lt;4 dB insertion loss including photonic to plasmonic converters<\/li>\n<li>Choice of slot materials<\/li>\n<li>V<sub>\u03c0<\/sub> is a consequence of slot geometry and other parameters<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"\/polarisandbox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/pdk-plasmonic-phase-shifter-performance.png\" alt=\"PDK Plasmonic Phase Shifter Performance\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" class=\"lazyload\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 500px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 500\/476;\"><\/p>\n<div>\n<h5><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-019-09724-7\" rel=\"noopener\">W. Heni, et al, Plasmonic IQ modulators with attojoule per bit electrical energy consumption (Nature Communications, 2019)<\/a><\/h5>\n<\/div>\n<h3>PDK: Plasmonic Ring Resonator Modulator<\/h3>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"\/polarisandbox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/pdk-ring-resonator-modulator.png\" alt=\"Plasmonic Building Blocks: PDK Ring Resonator Modulator\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" class=\"lazyload\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 360px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 360\/360;\"><\/p>\n<div>\n<h5>Ring resonator modulator: modulates the optical path length of the ring to shift the resonance peak.<\/h5>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<ul>\n<li>3-dB EO bandwidth &gt;170 GHz<\/li>\n<li>Insertion loss &lt;1.5 dB (in coupler), &lt;6.5 dB (fiber to fiber)<\/li>\n<li>Drive voltage ~0.6 Vp for 408 Gbps transmission<\/li>\n<li>Proven temperature stability (published papers)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"\/polarisandbox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/pdk-ring-resonator-modulator%E2%80%8B-performance-1.png\" alt=\"PDK Ring Resonator Modulator\u200b Performance\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" class=\"lazyload\"><\/p>\n<div>\n<h6><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41566-023-01161-9\">M. Eppenberger, et al, Resonant plasmonic micro-racetrack modulators with high bandwidth and high temperature tolerance (ECOC, 2021)<\/a><\/h6>\n<\/div>\n<h3>PDK: Plasmonic Antenna<\/h3>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"\/polarisandbox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/pdk-plasmonic-antenna.png\" alt=\"Plasmonic Building Blocks: PDK Plasmonic Antenna\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" class=\"lazyload\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 360px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 360\/360;\"><\/p>\n<div>\n<h5>Antenna: directly converts RF to optical signals.<\/h5>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<ul>\n<li data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559683&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:0,&quot;335559731&quot;:0,&quot;335559737&quot;:0,&quot;335562764&quot;:2,&quot;335562765&quot;:1,&quot;335562766&quot;:4,&quot;335562767&quot;:10,&quot;335562768&quot;:4,&quot;335562769&quot;:0}\"><span data-usefontface=\"false\" data-contrast=\"none\"><\/span><span>\u200b<\/span><span data-usefontface=\"false\" data-contrast=\"none\">Direct free-space to\u00a0<\/span><span data-usefontface=\"false\" data-contrast=\"none\">optical conversion<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559683&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:0,&quot;335559731&quot;:0,&quot;335559737&quot;:0,&quot;335562764&quot;:2,&quot;335562765&quot;:1,&quot;335562766&quot;:4,&quot;335562767&quot;:10,&quot;335562768&quot;:4,&quot;335562769&quot;:0}\">\n<p data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559683&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:0,&quot;335559731&quot;:0,&quot;335559737&quot;:0,&quot;335562764&quot;:2,&quot;335562765&quot;:1,&quot;335562766&quot;:4,&quot;335562767&quot;:10,&quot;335562768&quot;:4,&quot;335562769&quot;:0}\"><span data-usefontface=\"false\" data-contrast=\"none\">Multiple designs\u00a0<\/span><span data-usefontface=\"false\" data-contrast=\"none\">possible for operation\u00a0<\/span><span data-usefontface=\"false\" data-contrast=\"none\">from GHz to THz<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-usefontface=\"false\" data-contrast=\"none\"><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"\/polarisandbox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/pdk-plasmonic-antenna%E2%80%8B-performance-e1686824523633.png\" alt=\"PDK Plasmonic Antenna\u200b Performance\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" class=\"lazyload\"><\/p>\n<div>\n<h6><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/optica\/fulltext.cfm?uri=optica-7-5-498&amp;id=431641\" rel=\"noopener\">C. Benea-Chelmus, et al, Electro-optic interface for ultrasensitive intracavity electric field measurements at microwave and terahertz frequencies (Optica, 2020)<\/a><\/h6>\n<\/div>\n<h3>PDK: Plasmonic Mach-Zehnder Modulator<\/h3>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"\/polarisandbox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/pdk-plasmonic-mach-zehnder-modulator.png\" alt=\"Plasmonic Building Blocks: PDK Plasmonic Mach-Zehnder Modulator\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" class=\"lazyload\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 360px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 360\/360;\"><\/p>\n<div>\n<h5>Mach-Zehnder modulator: separates light into two optical paths; the light traveling in these pathways has its phase modulated before recombination.<\/h5>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<ul>\n<li>3-dB EO bandwidth &gt;500 GHz<\/li>\n<li>Plasmonic slot length range 5 to 25 &micro;m<\/li>\n<li>Plasmonic slot width typ 100 nm<\/li>\n<li>No travelling-wave electrodes<\/li>\n<li>Waveguide losses 3 to 5 dB\/cm<\/li>\n<p>Example: in a typical plasmonic chip the waveguides are 1 to 2 mm which leads to &lt;1dB losses<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"\/polarisandbox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/pdk-plasmonic-mach-zehnder-modulator-performance.png\" alt=\"PDK Plasmonic Mach-Zehnder Modulator Performance\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" class=\"lazyload\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 500px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 500\/383;\"><\/p>\n<div>\n<h6><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/opg.optica.org\/oe\/fulltext.cfm?uri=oe-27-12-16823&#038;id=413275\">B. Baeuerle, et al. 120 GBd plasmonic Mach-Zehnder modulator with a novel differential electrode design operated at a peak-to-peak drive voltage of 178 mV (Optics Express, 2019)<\/a><\/h6>\n<\/div>\n<h3>PDK: Silicon Photonics Elements<\/h3>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"\/polarisandbox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/pdk-thermo-optic-phase-shifter.png\" alt=\"PDK Thermo-optic Phase Shifter\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" class=\"lazyload\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 360px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 360\/360;\"><\/p>\n<div>\n<h5>Thermo-optic phase shifter (heater): changes the phase by injecting a current through a resistive materiel above the waveguide.<\/h5>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<ul>\n<li>Serves to set the operating point to achieve optimal extinction ratio<\/li>\n<li>On-off ratio (ER) &gt;30 dB<\/li>\n<li>On-off power ~10\u00a0mW<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"\/polarisandbox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/pdk-thermo-optic-phase-shifter-performance-1.png\" alt=\"PDK Thermo-optic Phase Shifter Performance\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" class=\"lazyload\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 315px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 315\/242;\"><\/p>\n<div>\n<h6><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/pubs.aip.org\/aip\/app\/article\/4\/5\/056106\/123298\/500-GHz-plasmonic-Mach-Zehnder-modulator-enabling\">M.Burla, et al. 500 GHz plasmonic Mach-Zehnder modulator enabling sub-THz microwave photonics (APL, 2019)<\/a><\/h6>\n<\/div>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"\/polarisandbox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/pdk-grating-coupler.png\" alt=\"PDK Grating Coupler\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" class=\"lazyload\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 360px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 360\/360;\"><\/p>\n<div>\n<p>Grating coupler: couples light from a fiber into the PIC from the top side, and vice-versa.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<ul>\n<li>Insertion loss &lt;2.5 dB\u200b<\/li>\n<li>Optimized for C-band (1550 nm)<\/li>\n<li>Available for O-band (1310 nm)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"\/polarisandbox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/pdk-grating-coupler-performance-1.png\" alt=\"PDK Grating Coupler Performance\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" class=\"lazyload\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 500px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 500\/223;\"><br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"\/polarisandbox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/pdk-edge-coupler.png\" alt=\"PDK Edge Coupler\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" class=\"lazyload\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 360px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 360\/360;\"><\/p>\n<div>\n<h5>Edge coupler: couples light from a fiber into the PIC from the side.<\/h5>\n<\/div>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"\/polarisandbox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/pdk-coupler-and-splitter.png\" alt=\"PDK Coupler and Splitter\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" class=\"lazyload\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 360px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 360\/360;\"><\/p>\n<div>\n<h5>Combiner \/ splitter: separates \/ combines light to two waveguides with losses &lt;1 dB.<\/h5>\n<\/div>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"\/polarisandbox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/pdk-ring-filter.png\" alt=\"PDK Ring Filter\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" class=\"lazyload\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 360px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 360\/360;\"><\/p>\n<div>\n<h5>Ring filter: filters certain wavelengths that are multiples of the length of the ring.<\/h5>\n<\/div>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"\/polarisandbox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/pdk-directional-coupler.png\" alt=\"PDK Directional Coupler\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" class=\"lazyload\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 360px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 360\/360;\"><\/p>\n<div>\n<h5>Directional coupler: couples light from one waveguide to another.<\/h5>\n<\/div>\n<p><!--more--><br \/>\n<!-- {\"type\":\"layout\",\"children\":[{\"type\":\"section\",\"props\":{\"image_position\":\"center-center\",\"style\":\"default\",\"title_breakpoint\":\"xl\",\"title_position\":\"top-left\",\"title_rotation\":\"left\",\"vertical_align\":\"middle\",\"width\":\"default\",\"width_expand\":\"left\"},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"row\",\"children\":[{\"type\":\"column\",\"props\":{\"image_position\":\"center-center\",\"position_sticky_breakpoint\":\"m\"},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"headline\",\"props\":{\"content\":\"Plasmonic Building Blocks\",\"title_element\":\"h1\",\"title_style\":\"h1\"}}]}]}],\"name\":\"Title\"},{\"type\":\"section\",\"props\":{\"image_position\":\"center-center\",\"padding\":\"none\",\"style\":\"default\",\"title_breakpoint\":\"xl\",\"title_position\":\"top-left\",\"title_rotation\":\"left\",\"vertical_align\":\"\",\"width\":\"expand\"},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"row\",\"children\":[{\"type\":\"column\",\"props\":{\"image_position\":\"center-center\",\"position_sticky_breakpoint\":\"m\",\"width_medium\":\"2-3\"},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"props\":{\"column_breakpoint\":\"m\",\"content\":\"\n\n<p data-start=\\\"0\\\" data-end=\\\"468\\\">Polariton Technologies leads the way in high-speed, energy-efficient plasmonic modulators and photonic integrated circuit (PIC) components. Our cutting-edge Plasmonic Design Kit (<a href=\\\"https:\\\/\\\/www.polariton.ch\\\/polarisandbox\\\/polariton-pdk\\\">Polariton PDK<\\\/a>) enables groundbreaking advancements in optical communication, offering unmatched bandwidth, ultra-low power consumption, and compact designs.<\\\/p>\\n\n\n<p>Plasmonic Building Blocks are at the core of our PDK, providing the essential elements for high-speed, low-power optical signal processing. These components, including phase shifters, ring resonators, antennas, and couplers, leverage plasmonic technology to achieve compact designs with superior efficiency. By integrating Plasmonic Building Blocks, designers can create innovative photonic circuits with unprecedented performance in bandwidth and energy consumption.<\\\/p>\",\"margin\":\"default\"}}]},{\"type\":\"column\",\"props\":{\"image_position\":\"center-center\",\"position_sticky_breakpoint\":\"m\",\"width_medium\":\"1-3\"}}],\"props\":{\"layout\":\"2-3,1-3\"}},{\"type\":\"row\",\"children\":[{\"type\":\"column\",\"props\":{\"image_position\":\"center-center\",\"position_sticky_breakpoint\":\"m\"},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"headline\",\"props\":{\"content\":\"PDK: Plasmonic Phase Shifter\",\"title_element\":\"h3\",\"title_style\":\"h2\"}}]}]},{\"type\":\"row\",\"props\":{\"layout\":\"1-3,1-3,1-3\"},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"column\",\"props\":{\"image_position\":\"center-center\",\"position_sticky_breakpoint\":\"m\",\"width_medium\":\"1-3\"},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"image\",\"props\":{\"image\":\"wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2022\\\/06\\\/pdk-plasmonic-phase-shifter.png\",\"image_alt\":\"Plasmonic Building Blocks: PDK Plasmonic Phase Shifter\",\"image_svg_color\":\"emphasis\",\"margin\":\"default\"}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"props\":{\"column_breakpoint\":\"m\",\"content\":\"\n\n<h5>Phase shifter: provides high-speed phase modulation of light.<\\\/h5>\",\"margin\":\"default\"}}]},{\"type\":\"column\",\"props\":{\"image_position\":\"center-center\",\"position_sticky_breakpoint\":\"m\",\"width_medium\":\"1-3\"},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"props\":{\"column_breakpoint\":\"m\",\"content\":\"\n\n<ul>\\n\\t\n\n<li>3-dB EO bandwidth &gt;500 GHz<\\\/li>\\n\\t\n\n<li>Plasmonic slot length range 5 to 25 &micro;m<\\\/li>\\n\\t\n\n<li>Plasmonic slot width typ 100 nm<\\\/li>\\n    \n\n<li>Plasmonic losses ~0.36 dB\\\/&micro;m. For a length of 10 &micro;m, one achieves &lt;4 dB insertion loss including photonic to plasmonic converters<\\\/li>\\n    \n\n<li>Choice of slot materials<\\\/li>\\n    \n\n<li>V<sub>\\u03c0<\\\/sub> is a consequence of slot geometry and other parameters<\\\/li>\\n<\\\/ul>\",\"margin\":\"default\"}}]},{\"type\":\"column\",\"props\":{\"image_position\":\"center-center\",\"position_sticky_breakpoint\":\"m\",\"width_medium\":\"1-3\"},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"image\",\"props\":{\"image\":\"wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2023\\\/04\\\/pdk-plasmonic-phase-shifter-performance.png\",\"image_alt\":\"PDK Plasmonic Phase Shifter Performance\",\"image_svg_color\":\"emphasis\",\"margin\":\"default\",\"margin_remove_bottom\":true,\"margin_remove_top\":true}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"props\":{\"column_breakpoint\":\"m\",\"content\":\"\n\n<h5><a target=\\\"_blank\\\" href=\\\"https:\\\/\\\/www.nature.com\\\/articles\\\/s41467-019-09724-7\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\">W. Heni, et al, Plasmonic IQ modulators with attojoule per bit electrical energy consumption (Nature Communications, 2019)<\\\/a><\\\/h5>\",\"margin\":\"small\",\"margin_remove_bottom\":true,\"margin_remove_top\":true}}]}]},{\"type\":\"row\",\"children\":[{\"type\":\"column\",\"props\":{\"image_position\":\"center-center\",\"position_sticky_breakpoint\":\"m\"},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"headline\",\"props\":{\"content\":\"PDK: Plasmonic Ring Resonator Modulator\",\"title_element\":\"h3\",\"title_style\":\"h2\"}}]}]},{\"type\":\"row\",\"props\":{\"layout\":\"1-3,1-3,1-3\"},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"column\",\"props\":{\"image_position\":\"center-center\",\"position_sticky_breakpoint\":\"m\",\"width_medium\":\"1-3\"},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"image\",\"props\":{\"image\":\"wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2022\\\/06\\\/pdk-ring-resonator-modulator.png\",\"image_alt\":\"Plasmonic Building Blocks: PDK Ring Resonator Modulator\",\"image_svg_color\":\"emphasis\",\"margin\":\"default\"}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"props\":{\"column_breakpoint\":\"m\",\"content\":\"\n\n<h5>Ring resonator modulator: modulates the optical path length of the ring to shift the resonance peak.<\\\/h5>\",\"margin\":\"default\"}}]},{\"type\":\"column\",\"props\":{\"image_position\":\"center-center\",\"position_sticky_breakpoint\":\"m\",\"width_medium\":\"1-3\"},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"props\":{\"column_breakpoint\":\"m\",\"content\":\"\n\n<ul>\\n\\t\n\n<li>3-dB EO bandwidth &gt;170 GHz<\\\/li>\\n\\t\n\n<li>Insertion loss &lt;1.5 dB (in coupler), &lt;6.5 dB (fiber to fiber)<\\\/li>\\n\\t\n\n<li>Drive voltage ~0.6 Vp for 408 Gbps transmission<\\\/li>\\n    \n\n<li>Proven temperature stability (published papers)<\\\/li>\\n<\\\/ul>\",\"margin\":\"default\"}}]},{\"type\":\"column\",\"props\":{\"image_position\":\"center-center\",\"position_sticky_breakpoint\":\"m\",\"width_medium\":\"1-3\"},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"image\",\"props\":{\"image\":\"wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2023\\\/04\\\/pdk-ring-resonator-modulator\\u200b-performance-1.png\",\"image_alt\":\"PDK Ring Resonator Modulator\\u200b Performance\",\"image_svg_color\":\"emphasis\",\"margin\":\"default\",\"margin_remove_bottom\":true,\"margin_remove_top\":true}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"props\":{\"column_breakpoint\":\"m\",\"content\":\"\n\n<h6><a target=\\\"_blank\\\" href=\\\"https:\\\/\\\/www.nature.com\\\/articles\\\/s41566-023-01161-9\\\">M. Eppenberger, et al, Resonant plasmonic micro-racetrack modulators with high bandwidth and high temperature tolerance (ECOC, 2021)<\\\/a><\\\/h6>\",\"margin\":\"small\",\"margin_remove_bottom\":true,\"margin_remove_top\":true}}]}]},{\"type\":\"row\",\"children\":[{\"type\":\"column\",\"props\":{\"image_position\":\"center-center\",\"position_sticky_breakpoint\":\"m\"},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"headline\",\"props\":{\"content\":\"PDK: Plasmonic Antenna\",\"title_element\":\"h3\",\"title_style\":\"h2\"}}]}]},{\"type\":\"row\",\"props\":{\"layout\":\"1-3,1-3,1-3\"},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"column\",\"props\":{\"image_position\":\"center-center\",\"position_sticky_breakpoint\":\"m\",\"width_medium\":\"1-3\"},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"image\",\"props\":{\"image\":\"wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2022\\\/06\\\/pdk-plasmonic-antenna.png\",\"image_alt\":\"Plasmonic Building Blocks: PDK Plasmonic Antenna\",\"image_svg_color\":\"emphasis\",\"margin\":\"default\"}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"props\":{\"column_breakpoint\":\"m\",\"content\":\"\n\n<h5>Antenna: directly converts RF to optical signals.<\\\/h5>\",\"margin\":\"default\"}}]},{\"type\":\"column\",\"props\":{\"image_position\":\"center-center\",\"position_sticky_breakpoint\":\"m\",\"width_medium\":\"1-3\"},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"props\":{\"column_breakpoint\":\"m\",\"content\":\"\n\n<ul>\\n\n\n<li data-ccp-props=\\\"{&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559683&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:0,&quot;335559731&quot;:0,&quot;335559737&quot;:0,&quot;335562764&quot;:2,&quot;335562765&quot;:1,&quot;335562766&quot;:4,&quot;335562767&quot;:10,&quot;335562768&quot;:4,&quot;335562769&quot;:0}\\\"><span data-usefontface=\\\"false\\\" data-contrast=\\\"none\\\"><\\\/span><span>\\u200b<\\\/span><span data-usefontface=\\\"false\\\" data-contrast=\\\"none\\\">Direct free-space to\\u00a0<\\\/span><span data-usefontface=\\\"false\\\" data-contrast=\\\"none\\\">optical conversion<\\\/span><\\\/li>\\n\n\n<li data-ccp-props=\\\"{&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559683&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:0,&quot;335559731&quot;:0,&quot;335559737&quot;:0,&quot;335562764&quot;:2,&quot;335562765&quot;:1,&quot;335562766&quot;:4,&quot;335562767&quot;:10,&quot;335562768&quot;:4,&quot;335562769&quot;:0}\\\">\\n\n\n<p data-ccp-props=\\\"{&quot;335551550&quot;:1,&quot;335551620&quot;:1,&quot;335559683&quot;:0,&quot;335559685&quot;:0,&quot;335559731&quot;:0,&quot;335559737&quot;:0,&quot;335562764&quot;:2,&quot;335562765&quot;:1,&quot;335562766&quot;:4,&quot;335562767&quot;:10,&quot;335562768&quot;:4,&quot;335562769&quot;:0}\\\"><span data-usefontface=\\\"false\\\" data-contrast=\\\"none\\\">Multiple designs\\u00a0<\\\/span><span data-usefontface=\\\"false\\\" data-contrast=\\\"none\\\">possible for operation\\u00a0<\\\/span><span data-usefontface=\\\"false\\\" data-contrast=\\\"none\\\">from GHz to THz<\\\/span><\\\/p>\\n<span data-usefontface=\\\"false\\\" data-contrast=\\\"none\\\"><\\\/span><\\\/li>\\n<\\\/ul>\",\"margin\":\"default\"}}]},{\"type\":\"column\",\"props\":{\"image_position\":\"center-center\",\"position_sticky_breakpoint\":\"m\",\"width_medium\":\"1-3\"},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"image\",\"props\":{\"image\":\"wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2023\\\/04\\\/pdk-plasmonic-antenna\\u200b-performance-e1686824523633.png\",\"image_alt\":\"PDK Plasmonic Antenna\\u200b Performance\",\"image_svg_color\":\"emphasis\",\"margin\":\"default\",\"margin_remove_bottom\":true,\"margin_remove_top\":true}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"props\":{\"column_breakpoint\":\"m\",\"content\":\"\n\n<h6><a target=\\\"_blank\\\" href=\\\"https:\\\/\\\/opg.optica.org\\\/optica\\\/fulltext.cfm?uri=optica-7-5-498&amp;id=431641\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\">C. Benea-Chelmus, et al, Electro-optic interface for ultrasensitive intracavity electric field measurements at microwave and terahertz frequencies (Optica, 2020)<\\\/a><\\\/h6>\",\"margin\":\"small\",\"margin_remove_bottom\":true,\"margin_remove_top\":true}}]}]},{\"type\":\"row\",\"children\":[{\"type\":\"column\",\"props\":{\"image_position\":\"center-center\",\"position_sticky_breakpoint\":\"m\"},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"headline\",\"props\":{\"content\":\"PDK: Plasmonic Mach-Zehnder Modulator\",\"title_element\":\"h3\",\"title_style\":\"h2\"}}]}]},{\"type\":\"row\",\"props\":{\"layout\":\"1-3,1-3,1-3\"},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"column\",\"props\":{\"image_position\":\"center-center\",\"position_sticky_breakpoint\":\"m\",\"width_medium\":\"1-3\"},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"image\",\"props\":{\"image\":\"wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2022\\\/06\\\/pdk-plasmonic-mach-zehnder-modulator.png\",\"image_alt\":\"Plasmonic Building Blocks: PDK Plasmonic Mach-Zehnder Modulator\",\"image_svg_color\":\"emphasis\",\"margin\":\"default\"}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"props\":{\"column_breakpoint\":\"m\",\"content\":\"\n\n<h5>Mach-Zehnder modulator: separates light into two optical paths; the light traveling in these pathways has its phase modulated before recombination.<\\\/h5>\",\"margin\":\"default\"}}]},{\"type\":\"column\",\"props\":{\"image_position\":\"center-center\",\"position_sticky_breakpoint\":\"m\",\"width_medium\":\"1-3\"},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"props\":{\"column_breakpoint\":\"m\",\"content\":\"\n\n<ul>\\n\n\n<li>3-dB EO bandwidth &gt;500 GHz<\\\/li>\\n\\t\n\n<li>Plasmonic slot length range 5 to 25 &micro;m<\\\/li>\\n\\t\n\n<li>Plasmonic slot width typ 100 nm<\\\/li>\\n\n\n<li>No travelling-wave electrodes<\\\/li>\\n\n\n<li>Waveguide losses 3 to 5 dB\\\/cm<\\\/li>\\nExample: in a typical plasmonic chip the waveguides are 1 to 2 mm which leads to &lt;1dB losses<\\\/ul>\",\"margin\":\"default\"}}]},{\"type\":\"column\",\"props\":{\"image_position\":\"center-center\",\"position_sticky_breakpoint\":\"m\",\"width_medium\":\"1-3\"},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"image\",\"props\":{\"image\":\"wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2023\\\/04\\\/pdk-plasmonic-mach-zehnder-modulator-performance.png\",\"image_alt\":\"PDK Plasmonic Mach-Zehnder Modulator Performance\",\"image_svg_color\":\"emphasis\",\"margin\":\"default\",\"margin_remove_bottom\":true,\"margin_remove_top\":true}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"props\":{\"column_breakpoint\":\"m\",\"content\":\"\n\n<h6><a target=\\\"_blank\\\" href=\\\"https:\\\/\\\/opg.optica.org\\\/oe\\\/fulltext.cfm?uri=oe-27-12-16823&id=413275\\\">B. Baeuerle, et al. 120 GBd plasmonic Mach-Zehnder modulator with a novel differential electrode design operated at a peak-to-peak drive voltage of 178 mV (Optics Express, 2019)<\\\/a><\\\/h6>\",\"margin\":\"small\",\"margin_remove_bottom\":true,\"margin_remove_top\":true}}]}]},{\"type\":\"row\",\"children\":[{\"type\":\"column\",\"props\":{\"image_position\":\"center-center\",\"position_sticky_breakpoint\":\"m\"},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"headline\",\"props\":{\"content\":\"PDK: Silicon Photonics Elements\",\"title_element\":\"h3\",\"title_style\":\"h2\"}}]}]},{\"type\":\"row\",\"props\":{\"layout\":\"1-3,1-3,1-3\"},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"column\",\"props\":{\"image_position\":\"center-center\",\"position_sticky_breakpoint\":\"m\",\"width_medium\":\"1-3\"},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"image\",\"props\":{\"image\":\"wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2022\\\/06\\\/pdk-thermo-optic-phase-shifter.png\",\"image_alt\":\"PDK Thermo-optic Phase Shifter\",\"image_svg_color\":\"emphasis\",\"margin\":\"default\"}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"props\":{\"column_breakpoint\":\"m\",\"content\":\"\n\n<h5>Thermo-optic phase shifter (heater): changes the phase by injecting a current through a resistive materiel above the waveguide.<\\\/h5>\",\"margin\":\"default\"}}]},{\"type\":\"column\",\"props\":{\"image_position\":\"center-center\",\"position_sticky_breakpoint\":\"m\",\"width_medium\":\"1-3\"},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"props\":{\"column_breakpoint\":\"m\",\"content\":\"\n\n<ul>\\n\n\n<li>Serves to set the operating point to achieve optimal extinction ratio<\\\/li>\\n\n\n<li>On-off ratio (ER) &gt;30 dB<\\\/li>\\n\n\n<li>On-off power ~10\\u00a0mW<\\\/li>\\n<\\\/ul>\",\"margin\":\"default\"}}]},{\"type\":\"column\",\"props\":{\"image_position\":\"center-center\",\"position_sticky_breakpoint\":\"m\",\"width_medium\":\"1-3\"},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"image\",\"props\":{\"image\":\"wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2023\\\/04\\\/pdk-thermo-optic-phase-shifter-performance-1.png\",\"image_alt\":\"PDK Thermo-optic Phase Shifter Performance\",\"image_svg_color\":\"emphasis\",\"margin\":\"default\"}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"props\":{\"column_breakpoint\":\"m\",\"content\":\"\n\n<h6><a target=\\\"_blank\\\" href=\\\"https:\\\/\\\/pubs.aip.org\\\/aip\\\/app\\\/article\\\/4\\\/5\\\/056106\\\/123298\\\/500-GHz-plasmonic-Mach-Zehnder-modulator-enabling\\\">M.Burla, et al. 500 GHz plasmonic Mach-Zehnder modulator enabling sub-THz microwave photonics (APL, 2019)<\\\/a><\\\/h6>\",\"margin\":\"small\",\"margin_remove_bottom\":true,\"margin_remove_top\":true}}]}]},{\"type\":\"row\",\"props\":{\"layout\":\"1-3,1-3,1-3\"},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"column\",\"props\":{\"image_position\":\"center-center\",\"position_sticky_breakpoint\":\"m\",\"width_medium\":\"1-3\"},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"image\",\"props\":{\"image\":\"wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2022\\\/06\\\/pdk-grating-coupler.png\",\"image_alt\":\"PDK Grating Coupler\",\"image_svg_color\":\"emphasis\",\"margin\":\"default\"}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"props\":{\"column_breakpoint\":\"m\",\"content\":\"\n\n<p>Grating coupler: couples light from a fiber into the PIC from the top side, and vice-versa.<\\\/p>\",\"margin\":\"default\"}}]},{\"type\":\"column\",\"props\":{\"image_position\":\"center-center\",\"position_sticky_breakpoint\":\"m\",\"width_medium\":\"1-3\"},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"props\":{\"column_breakpoint\":\"m\",\"content\":\"\n\n<ul>\\n\\t\n\n<li>Insertion loss &lt;2.5 dB\\u200b<\\\/li>\\n\\t\n\n<li>Optimized for C-band (1550 nm)<\\\/li>\\n    \n\n<li>Available for O-band (1310 nm)<\\\/li>\\n<\\\/ul>\",\"margin\":\"default\"}}]},{\"type\":\"column\",\"props\":{\"image_position\":\"center-center\",\"position_sticky_breakpoint\":\"m\",\"width_medium\":\"1-3\"},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"image\",\"props\":{\"image\":\"wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2023\\\/04\\\/pdk-grating-coupler-performance-1.png\",\"image_alt\":\"PDK Grating Coupler Performance\",\"image_svg_color\":\"emphasis\",\"margin\":\"default\"}}]}]},{\"type\":\"row\",\"props\":{\"layout\":\"1-4,1-4,1-4,1-4|1-2,1-2,1-2,1-2\"},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"column\",\"props\":{\"image_position\":\"center-center\",\"position_sticky_breakpoint\":\"m\",\"width_medium\":\"1-4\",\"width_small\":\"1-2\"},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"image\",\"props\":{\"image\":\"wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2022\\\/06\\\/pdk-edge-coupler.png\",\"image_alt\":\"PDK Edge Coupler\",\"image_svg_color\":\"emphasis\",\"margin\":\"default\"}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"props\":{\"column_breakpoint\":\"m\",\"content\":\"\n\n<h5>Edge coupler: couples light from a fiber into the PIC from the side.<\\\/h5>\",\"margin\":\"default\"}}]},{\"type\":\"column\",\"props\":{\"image_position\":\"center-center\",\"position_sticky_breakpoint\":\"m\",\"width_medium\":\"1-4\",\"width_small\":\"1-2\"},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"image\",\"props\":{\"image\":\"wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2022\\\/06\\\/pdk-coupler-and-splitter.png\",\"image_alt\":\"PDK Coupler and Splitter\",\"image_svg_color\":\"emphasis\",\"margin\":\"default\"}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"props\":{\"column_breakpoint\":\"m\",\"content\":\"\n\n<h5>Combiner \\\/ splitter: separates \\\/ combines light to two waveguides with losses &lt;1 dB.<\\\/h5>\",\"margin\":\"default\"}}]},{\"type\":\"column\",\"props\":{\"image_position\":\"center-center\",\"position_sticky_breakpoint\":\"m\",\"width_medium\":\"1-4\",\"width_small\":\"1-2\"},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"image\",\"props\":{\"image\":\"wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2022\\\/06\\\/pdk-ring-filter.png\",\"image_alt\":\"PDK Ring Filter\",\"image_svg_color\":\"emphasis\",\"margin\":\"default\"}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"props\":{\"column_breakpoint\":\"m\",\"content\":\"\n\n<h5>Ring filter: filters certain wavelengths that are multiples of the length of the ring.<\\\/h5>\",\"margin\":\"default\"}}]},{\"type\":\"column\",\"props\":{\"image_position\":\"center-center\",\"position_sticky_breakpoint\":\"m\",\"width_medium\":\"1-4\",\"width_small\":\"1-2\"},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"image\",\"props\":{\"image\":\"wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2022\\\/06\\\/pdk-directional-coupler.png\",\"image_alt\":\"PDK Directional Coupler\",\"image_svg_color\":\"emphasis\",\"margin\":\"default\"}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"props\":{\"column_breakpoint\":\"m\",\"content\":\"\n\n<h5>Directional coupler: couples light from one waveguide to another.<\\\/h5>\",\"margin\":\"default\"}}]}]}],\"name\":\"Main Section\"},{\"type\":\"section\",\"props\":{\"image_position\":\"center-center\",\"padding\":\"small\",\"style\":\"default\",\"title_breakpoint\":\"xl\",\"title_position\":\"top-left\",\"title_rotation\":\"left\",\"vertical_align\":\"middle\",\"width\":\"default\"},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"row\",\"children\":[{\"type\":\"column\",\"props\":{\"image_position\":\"center-center\",\"position_sticky_breakpoint\":\"m\"}}]}]}],\"version\":\"4.5.17\",\"yooessentialsVersion\":\"2.3.12\"} --><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Plasmonic Building Blocks Polariton Technologies leads the way in high-speed, energy-efficient plasmonic modulators and photonic integrated circuit (PIC) components. Our cutting-edge Plasmonic Design Kit (Polariton PDK) enables groundbreaking advancements in optical communication, offering unmatched bandwidth, ultra-low power consumption, and compact designs. Plasmonic Building Blocks are at the core of our PDK, providing the essential elements [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":12262,"parent":672,"menu_order":4,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3723","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-sin-categoria"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Plasmonic building blocks - Polariton<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Polariton&#039;s plasmonic and photonic building blocks for ultra-fast, energy-efficient optical applications. 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