{"id":1001,"date":"2021-06-01T17:25:18","date_gmt":"2021-06-01T17:25:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/parque.online\/polariton\/?p=1001"},"modified":"2025-10-01T11:05:48","modified_gmt":"2025-10-01T11:05:48","slug":"all-plasmonic-machzehnder-modulator-enabling-optical-high-speed-communication-at-the-microscale","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.polariton.ch\/polarisandbox\/?page_id=1001","title":{"rendered":"All-plasmonic Mach\u2013Zehnder modulator enabling optical high-speed communication at the microscale"},"content":{"rendered":"<ul>\n<li>\n        <a href=\"\/\">Home<\/a>\n    <\/li>\n<li>\n        <a href=\"\/index.php?p=4006\">Knowledge center<\/a>\n    <\/li>\n<li>\n        <a href=\"\">All Publications<\/a>\n    <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h6>2015<\/h6>\n<h2>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">All-plasmonic Mach Zehnder modulator enabling optical high-speed communication at the microscale<\/span><\/p>\n<\/h2>\n<hr>\n<div>\n<p>C. Haffner, et al, All-plasmonic Mach\u2013Zehnder modulator enabling optical high-speed communication at the microscale, Nature Photonics, 2015.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<hr>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #808080;\">Abstract:<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #808080;\">Optical modulators encode electrical signals to the optical domain and thus constitute a key element in high-capacity communication links. Ideally, they should feature operation at the highest speed with the least power consumption on the smallest footprint, and at low cost. Unfortunately, current technologies fall short of these criteria. Recently, plasmonics has emerged as a solution offering compact and fast devices. Yet, practical implementations have turned out to be rather elusive. Here, we introduce a 70\u2005GHz all-plasmonic Mach Zehnder modulator that fits into a silicon waveguide of 10\u2005\u03bcm length. This dramatic reduction in size by more than two orders of magnitude compared with photonic Mach Zehnder modulators results in a low energy consumption of 25\u2005fJ\u2005per bit up to the highest speeds. The technology suggests a cheap co-integration with electronics.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<div>\n<p>    <img decoding=\"async\" data-src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/Plasmonic-circuit-realizing-the-Mach%E2%80%93Zehnder-modulator.jpg\" alt=\"\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" class=\"lazyload\"><\/p>\n<h3>Plasmonic circuit realizing the Mach\u2013Zehnder modulator<\/h3>\n<p><a href=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/Plasmonic-circuit-realizing-the-Mach%E2%80%93Zehnder-modulator.jpg\">Full Image<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>a, Colourized SEM image of the MZM components. The suspended bridge enables electrical control of the device. b, Measured (symbols) and simulated (dashed lines) optical power transfer function versus applied voltage. The simulations indicate a best fit for a material with a nonlinear coefficient of 180\u2005pm\u2005V\u20131.<\/div>\n<p><p>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nphoton.2015.127\">Read full article<\/a>\n    <\/p>\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div>Related products<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.polariton.ch\/polarisandbox\/categoria\/knowledge-center\"><\/p>\n<p class=\"el-title uk-margin-top uk-margin-remove-bottom\"><strong><a class=\"el-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.polariton.ch\/polarisandbox\/resources\/polariton-knowledge-center\">Knowledge Center<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><!--more--><br \/>\n<!-- {\"type\":\"layout\",\"children\":[{\"type\":\"section\",\"props\":{\"image_position\":\"center-center\",\"style\":\"muted\",\"title_breakpoint\":\"xl\",\"title_position\":\"top-left\",\"title_rotation\":\"left\",\"vertical_align\":\"\",\"width\":\"default\"},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"row\",\"children\":[{\"type\":\"column\",\"props\":{\"image_position\":\"center-center\",\"position_sticky_breakpoint\":\"m\"},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"subnav\",\"props\":{\"subnav_style\":\"divider\"},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"subnav_item\",\"props\":{\"content\":\"Home\",\"link\":\"\\\/\"}},{\"type\":\"subnav_item\",\"props\":{\"content\":\"Knowledge center\",\"link\":\"index.php?p=4006\"}},{\"type\":\"subnav_item\",\"props\":{\"content\":\"All Publications\"}}]},{\"type\":\"headline\",\"props\":{\"content\":\"2015\",\"title_color\":\"muted\",\"title_element\":\"h6\"}},{\"type\":\"headline\",\"props\":{\"content\":\"\n\n<p><span style=\\\"color: #000000;\\\">All-plasmonic Mach Zehnder modulator enabling optical high-speed communication at the microscale<\\\/span><\\\/p>\",\"position\":\"relative\",\"title_color\":\"muted\",\"title_element\":\"h2\",\"title_font_family\":\"primary\"}}]}]}]},{\"type\":\"section\",\"props\":{\"image_position\":\"center-center\",\"style\":\"default\",\"title_breakpoint\":\"xl\",\"title_position\":\"top-left\",\"title_rotation\":\"left\",\"vertical_align\":\"\",\"width\":\"default\"},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"row\",\"children\":[{\"type\":\"column\",\"props\":{\"image_position\":\"center-center\",\"position_sticky_breakpoint\":\"m\"},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"divider\",\"props\":{\"divider_element\":\"hr\"}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"props\":{\"column_breakpoint\":\"m\",\"content\":\"\n\n<p>C. Haffner, et al, All-plasmonic Mach\\u2013Zehnder modulator enabling optical high-speed communication at the microscale, Nature Photonics, 2015.<\\\/p>\",\"margin\":\"default\"}},{\"type\":\"divider\",\"props\":{\"divider_element\":\"hr\"}}]}]}]},{\"type\":\"section\",\"props\":{\"image_position\":\"center-center\",\"style\":\"default\",\"title_breakpoint\":\"xl\",\"title_position\":\"top-left\",\"title_rotation\":\"left\",\"vertical_align\":\"\",\"width\":\"default\"},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"row\",\"children\":[{\"type\":\"column\",\"props\":{\"image_position\":\"center-center\",\"position_sticky_breakpoint\":\"m\",\"width_medium\":\"3-4\"},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"quotation\",\"props\":{\"content\":\"\n\n<p style=\\\"text-align: justify;\\\"><span style=\\\"color: #808080;\\\">Abstract:<\\\/span><\\\/p>\\n\n\n<p style=\\\"text-align: justify;\\\"><span style=\\\"color: #808080;\\\">Optical modulators encode electrical signals to the optical domain and thus constitute a key element in high-capacity communication links. Ideally, they should feature operation at the highest speed with the least power consumption on the smallest footprint, and at low cost. Unfortunately, current technologies fall short of these criteria. Recently, plasmonics has emerged as a solution offering compact and fast devices. Yet, practical implementations have turned out to be rather elusive. Here, we introduce a 70\\u2005GHz all-plasmonic Mach Zehnder modulator that fits into a silicon waveguide of 10\\u2005\\u03bcm length. This dramatic reduction in size by more than two orders of magnitude compared with photonic Mach Zehnder modulators results in a low energy consumption of 25\\u2005fJ\\u2005per bit up to the highest speeds. The technology suggests a cheap co-integration with electronics.<\\\/span><\\\/p>\"}},{\"type\":\"gallery\",\"props\":{\"filter_align\":\"left\",\"filter_all\":true,\"filter_grid_breakpoint\":\"m\",\"filter_grid_width\":\"auto\",\"filter_position\":\"top\",\"filter_style\":\"tab\",\"grid_default\":\"1\",\"grid_medium\":\"3\",\"item_animation\":true,\"lightbox\":true,\"lightbox_bg_close\":true,\"link_style\":\"default\",\"link_text\":\"Read more\",\"margin\":\"default\",\"meta_align\":\"below-title\",\"meta_element\":\"div\",\"meta_style\":\"text-meta\",\"overlay_hover\":true,\"overlay_link\":false,\"overlay_mode\":\"cover\",\"overlay_padding\":\"small\",\"overlay_position\":\"center\",\"overlay_style\":\"\",\"overlay_transition\":\"fade\",\"overlay_transition_background\":false,\"parallax_easing\":\"1\",\"show_content\":false,\"show_hover_image\":true,\"show_hover_video\":true,\"show_link\":true,\"show_meta\":false,\"show_title\":false,\"text_align\":\"center\",\"text_color\":\"light\",\"text_color_hover\":true,\"title_element\":\"h3\",\"title_hover_style\":\"reset\"},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"gallery_item\",\"props\":{\"hover_image\":\"\",\"image\":\"wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2021\\\/09\\\/Plasmonic-circuit-realizing-the-Mach\\u2013Zehnder-modulator.jpg\",\"link\":\"wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2021\\\/09\\\/Plasmonic-circuit-realizing-the-Mach\\u2013Zehnder-modulator.jpg\",\"link_text\":\"Full Image\",\"title\":\"Plasmonic circuit realizing the Mach\\u2013Zehnder modulator\"}}]},{\"type\":\"text\",\"props\":{\"column_breakpoint\":\"m\",\"content\":\"a, Colourized SEM image of the MZM components. The suspended bridge enables electrical control of the device. b, Measured (symbols) and simulated (dashed lines) optical power transfer function versus applied voltage. The simulations indicate a best fit for a material with a nonlinear coefficient of 180\\u2005pm\\u2005V\\u20131.\",\"margin\":\"default\"}},{\"type\":\"button\",\"props\":{\"fullwidth\":false,\"grid_column_gap\":\"small\",\"grid_row_gap\":\"small\",\"margin\":\"medium\",\"margin_remove_bottom\":false,\"margin_remove_top\":false},\"children\":[{\"type\":\"button_item\",\"props\":{\"button_style\":\"default\",\"content\":\"Read full article\",\"dialog_layout\":\"modal\",\"dialog_offcanvas_flip\":true,\"icon\":\"git-fork\",\"icon_align\":\"left\",\"link\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.nature.com\\\/articles\\\/nphoton.2015.127\",\"link_target\":\"blank\",\"link_title\":\"All-plasmonic Mach Zehnder modulator enabling optical high-speed communication at the microscale\"}}]}]},{\"type\":\"column\",\"props\":{\"image_position\":\"center-center\",\"position_sticky_breakpoint\":\"m\",\"width_medium\":\"1-4\"},\"children\":[{\"name\":\"list all  articles dynamic \",\"type\":\"list\",\"children\":[{\"type\":\"list_item\",\"props\":{\"content\":\"Related products\"}},{\"type\":\"list_item\",\"props\":{\"icon\":\"home\",\"icon_color\":\"primary\"},\"source\":{\"query\":{\"name\":\"pages.customPages\",\"arguments\":{\"terms\":[189],\"category_operator\":\"IN\",\"post_tag_operator\":\"IN\",\"users\":[],\"users_operator\":\"IN\",\"offset\":0,\"limit\":10,\"order\":\"date\",\"order_direction\":\"DESC\"}},\"props\":{\"content\":{\"name\":\"title\"}}}}],\"props\":{\"column_breakpoint\":\"m\",\"image_align\":\"left\",\"image_svg_color\":\"emphasis\",\"image_vertical_align\":true,\"list_element\":\"ul\",\"list_horizontal_separator\":\", \",\"list_type\":\"vertical\",\"show_image\":true,\"show_link\":true},\"source\":{\"query\":{\"name\":\"pages.customPages\",\"arguments\":{\"terms\":[189],\"category_operator\":\"IN\",\"post_tag_operator\":\"IN\",\"users\":[],\"users_operator\":\"IN\",\"offset\":0,\"limit\":10,\"order\":\"date\",\"order_direction\":\"DESC\"}}}},{\"name\":\"list all  articles dynamic \",\"type\":\"list\",\"children\":[{\"type\":\"list_item\",\"props\":{\"content\":\"\n\n<p class=\\\"el-title uk-margin-top uk-margin-remove-bottom\\\"><strong><a class=\\\"el-link\\\" href=\\\"https:\\\/\\\/www.polariton.ch\\\/polarisandbox\\\/resources\\\/polariton-knowledge-center\\\">Knowledge Center<\\\/a><\\\/strong><\\\/p>\",\"icon\":\"home\",\"icon_color\":\"primary\",\"link\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.polariton.ch\\\/polarisandbox\\\/categoria\\\/knowledge-center\"}}],\"props\":{\"column_breakpoint\":\"m\",\"image_align\":\"left\",\"image_svg_color\":\"emphasis\",\"image_vertical_align\":true,\"list_element\":\"ul\",\"list_horizontal_separator\":\", \",\"list_type\":\"vertical\",\"show_image\":true,\"show_link\":true}}]}],\"props\":{\"layout\":\"3-4,1-4\"}}]}],\"version\":\"4.5.28\"} --><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Home Knowledge center All Publications 2015 All-plasmonic Mach Zehnder modulator enabling optical high-speed communication at the microscale C. Haffner, et al, All-plasmonic Mach\u2013Zehnder modulator enabling optical high-speed communication at the microscale, Nature Photonics, 2015. Abstract: Optical modulators encode electrical signals to the optical domain and thus constitute a key element in high-capacity communication links. Ideally, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":1201,"parent":4006,"menu_order":11,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[13],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1001","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-publications"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Plasmonic-mach-zehnder-modulator<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Plasmonic Mach Zehnder modulator enabling optical high-speed communication. Optical modulators encode electrical signals to the optical domain\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"noindex, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Plasmonic-mach-zehnder-modulator\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Plasmonic Mach Zehnder modulator enabling optical high-speed communication. Optical modulators encode electrical signals to the optical domain\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.polariton.ch\/polarisandbox\/?page_id=1001\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Polariton\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2025-10-01T11:05:48+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.polariton.ch\/polarisandbox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Figure-1-Plasmonic-circuit-realizing-the-Mach\u2013Zehnder-modulator.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"936\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1229\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"1 minute\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.polariton.ch\\\/polarisandbox\\\/?page_id=1001\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.polariton.ch\\\/polarisandbox\\\/?page_id=1001\",\"name\":\"Plasmonic-mach-zehnder-modulator\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.polariton.ch\\\/polarisandbox\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.polariton.ch\\\/polarisandbox\\\/?page_id=1001#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.polariton.ch\\\/polarisandbox\\\/?page_id=1001#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.polariton.ch\\\/polarisandbox\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2021\\\/06\\\/Figure-1-Plasmonic-circuit-realizing-the-Mach\u2013Zehnder-modulator.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2021-06-01T17:25:18+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2025-10-01T11:05:48+00:00\",\"description\":\"Plasmonic Mach Zehnder modulator enabling optical high-speed communication. Optical modulators encode electrical signals to the optical domain\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.polariton.ch\\\/polarisandbox\\\/?page_id=1001#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.polariton.ch\\\/polarisandbox\\\/?page_id=1001\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.polariton.ch\\\/polarisandbox\\\/?page_id=1001#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.polariton.ch\\\/polarisandbox\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2021\\\/06\\\/Figure-1-Plasmonic-circuit-realizing-the-Mach\u2013Zehnder-modulator.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.polariton.ch\\\/polarisandbox\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2021\\\/06\\\/Figure-1-Plasmonic-circuit-realizing-the-Mach\u2013Zehnder-modulator.jpg\",\"width\":936,\"height\":1229,\"caption\":\"a, Colourized SEM image of the MZM components. The suspended bridge enables electrical control of the device. b, Measured (symbols) and simulated (dashed lines) optical power transfer function versus applied voltage. The simulations indicate a best fit for a material with a nonlinear coefficient of 180\u2005pm\u2005V\u20131.\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.polariton.ch\\\/polarisandbox\\\/?page_id=1001#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Homepage\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.polariton.ch\\\/polarisandbox\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Resources\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.polariton.ch\\\/polarisandbox\\\/?page_id=3771\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":3,\"name\":\"Knowledge Center\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.polariton.ch\\\/polarisandbox\\\/?page_id=4006\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":4,\"name\":\"All-plasmonic Mach\u2013Zehnder modulator enabling optical high-speed communication at the microscale\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.polariton.ch\\\/polarisandbox\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.polariton.ch\\\/polarisandbox\\\/\",\"name\":\"Polariton Technologies\",\"description\":\"The World\u2019s Fastest and Smallest Electro-Optic Modulators\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.polariton.ch\\\/polarisandbox\\\/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.polariton.ch\\\/polarisandbox\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.polariton.ch\\\/polarisandbox\\\/#organization\",\"name\":\"Polariton Technologies Ltd\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.polariton.ch\\\/polarisandbox\\\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.polariton.ch\\\/polarisandbox\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.polariton.ch\\\/polarisandbox\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2024\\\/08\\\/Logo_Site_Polariton.svg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.polariton.ch\\\/polarisandbox\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2024\\\/08\\\/Logo_Site_Polariton.svg\",\"width\":1,\"height\":1,\"caption\":\"Polariton Technologies Ltd\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.polariton.ch\\\/polarisandbox\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\"},\"sameAs\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.linkedin.com\\\/company\\\/polariton-technologies\\\/\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.youtube.com\\\/channel\\\/UCVjF0anz8yHuRVaosf8Uc3Q\"]}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Plasmonic-mach-zehnder-modulator","description":"Plasmonic Mach Zehnder modulator enabling optical high-speed communication. Optical modulators encode electrical signals to the optical domain","robots":{"index":"noindex","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Plasmonic-mach-zehnder-modulator","og_description":"Plasmonic Mach Zehnder modulator enabling optical high-speed communication. Optical modulators encode electrical signals to the optical domain","og_url":"https:\/\/www.polariton.ch\/polarisandbox\/?page_id=1001","og_site_name":"Polariton","article_modified_time":"2025-10-01T11:05:48+00:00","og_image":[{"width":936,"height":1229,"url":"https:\/\/www.polariton.ch\/polarisandbox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Figure-1-Plasmonic-circuit-realizing-the-Mach\u2013Zehnder-modulator.jpg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Est. reading time":"1 minute"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/www.polariton.ch\/polarisandbox\/?page_id=1001","url":"https:\/\/www.polariton.ch\/polarisandbox\/?page_id=1001","name":"Plasmonic-mach-zehnder-modulator","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.polariton.ch\/polarisandbox\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.polariton.ch\/polarisandbox\/?page_id=1001#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.polariton.ch\/polarisandbox\/?page_id=1001#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/www.polariton.ch\/polarisandbox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Figure-1-Plasmonic-circuit-realizing-the-Mach\u2013Zehnder-modulator.jpg","datePublished":"2021-06-01T17:25:18+00:00","dateModified":"2025-10-01T11:05:48+00:00","description":"Plasmonic Mach Zehnder modulator enabling optical high-speed communication. Optical modulators encode electrical signals to the optical domain","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.polariton.ch\/polarisandbox\/?page_id=1001#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/www.polariton.ch\/polarisandbox\/?page_id=1001"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/www.polariton.ch\/polarisandbox\/?page_id=1001#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/www.polariton.ch\/polarisandbox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Figure-1-Plasmonic-circuit-realizing-the-Mach\u2013Zehnder-modulator.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/www.polariton.ch\/polarisandbox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Figure-1-Plasmonic-circuit-realizing-the-Mach\u2013Zehnder-modulator.jpg","width":936,"height":1229,"caption":"a, Colourized SEM image of the MZM components. The suspended bridge enables electrical control of the device. b, Measured (symbols) and simulated (dashed lines) optical power transfer function versus applied voltage. The simulations indicate a best fit for a material with a nonlinear coefficient of 180\u2005pm\u2005V\u20131."},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/www.polariton.ch\/polarisandbox\/?page_id=1001#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Homepage","item":"https:\/\/www.polariton.ch\/polarisandbox\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Resources","item":"https:\/\/www.polariton.ch\/polarisandbox\/?page_id=3771"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":3,"name":"Knowledge Center","item":"https:\/\/www.polariton.ch\/polarisandbox\/?page_id=4006"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":4,"name":"All-plasmonic Mach\u2013Zehnder modulator enabling optical high-speed communication at the microscale"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/www.polariton.ch\/polarisandbox\/#website","url":"https:\/\/www.polariton.ch\/polarisandbox\/","name":"Polariton Technologies","description":"The World\u2019s Fastest and Smallest Electro-Optic Modulators","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.polariton.ch\/polarisandbox\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/www.polariton.ch\/polarisandbox\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/www.polariton.ch\/polarisandbox\/#organization","name":"Polariton Technologies Ltd","url":"https:\/\/www.polariton.ch\/polarisandbox\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/www.polariton.ch\/polarisandbox\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/www.polariton.ch\/polarisandbox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Logo_Site_Polariton.svg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/www.polariton.ch\/polarisandbox\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Logo_Site_Polariton.svg","width":1,"height":1,"caption":"Polariton Technologies Ltd"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.polariton.ch\/polarisandbox\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/company\/polariton-technologies\/","https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/channel\/UCVjF0anz8yHuRVaosf8Uc3Q"]}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.polariton.ch\/polarisandbox\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1001","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.polariton.ch\/polarisandbox\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.polariton.ch\/polarisandbox\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.polariton.ch\/polarisandbox\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.polariton.ch\/polarisandbox\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1001"}],"version-history":[{"count":88,"href":"https:\/\/www.polariton.ch\/polarisandbox\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1001\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":12641,"href":"https:\/\/www.polariton.ch\/polarisandbox\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1001\/revisions\/12641"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.polariton.ch\/polarisandbox\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/4006"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.polariton.ch\/polarisandbox\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/1201"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.polariton.ch\/polarisandbox\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1001"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.polariton.ch\/polarisandbox\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1001"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.polariton.ch\/polarisandbox\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1001"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}